Additional Reviewer Pointers

·         A muscle impulse travels deep into the muscle fiber along T-tubule membranes

·         A thick, fibrous connective tissue cord that attaches a muscle to a bone is a tendon

·         A typical bone has   the following major sets of blood vessels: nutrient;  metaphyseal and periosteal

·         Abundant molecules of hemoglobin give erythrocytes both their color and their ability to transport oxygen.

·         Adipose connective tissue is most similar to areolar, but is unique among connective tissues in having relatively little extracellular matrix.

·         Although they typically constitute 20-25% of all leukocytes, most lymphocytes reside in lymphatic tissues rather than blood.

·         Areolar  tissue is typically most closely associated with epithelia

·         At each end of a long bone is an expanded, knobby region called the epiphysis

·         Axon regeneration in the PNS involves neurolemmocytes in a process known as Wallerian degeneration

·         Cardiac muscle: occurs only in the myocardium; is both striated and involuntary; contains intercalated discs

·         Cartilage is composed of cells called chrondrocytes and may be surrounded by a covering called perichondrium

·         Clots formed by platelets and blood proteins protects the body against blood loss

·         Collectively, glial cells do all of the following:  protect and help nourish neurons; guide young migrating neurons during development; provide a supporting framework for all nervous tissue

·         Connective tissues perform all of the following functions: establishing the body's structural framework; defending the body from pathogens; transporting fluids and storing energy reserves

·         Dense connective tissue has the fewest cells per unit volume

·         Dense irregular connective tissue that forms a supporting layer around cartilage is called perichondrium

·         Dietary factors necessary for normal bone growth should include Vit D

·         Due to the fusion of embryonic myoblasts, skeletal muscle fibers get multiple nuclei

·         Embryonic connective tissues include mesenchyme and Wharton's jelly

·         Eosinophils phagocytize allergens and chemically attack parasitic worms               

·         Epithelial tissue  develops embryonically from all three primary germ layers

·         Erythrocytes are normally produced at the rate of about 3 million/sec.

·         Erythropoiesis occurs in red bone marrow

·         Fibroblast is the predominant cell type in areolar connective tissue  

·         Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis           

·         Formed elements of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

·         Functions of blood : transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide; regulation of body temperature; defense against infection

·         Functions of bone:  storage of mineral and energy reserves; production of blood cells; support and protection

·         Hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell production

·         Hyaline cartilage, articular ends of long bones;  fibrocartilage, intervertebral discs and menisci; elastic cartilage, epiglottis and external ear

·         In neurons, the abundant free and bound ribosomes are collectively called the chromatophilic substance

·         In skeletal muscle fibers,   calcium ions occur at varying concentrations at: in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; throughout the sarcoplasm; in regions where the thin and thick filaments overlap

·         Interstitial growth of a bone occurs in the epiphyseal plate

·         Intramembranous ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle.

·         Leukocytes are divided into two classes based on the presence or absence of visible organelles specific granules

·         Leukocytes help initiate an immune response and defend the body against pathogens

·         Ligament is a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches two bones?

·         Ligaments may be composed of either elastic or dense regular connective tissue

·         Lymphocytes that manage and direct an immune response, in some cases directly attacking foreign cells and virus-infected cells, are classified as T-lymphocytes

·         Mesenchyme: gives rise to all other connective tissues; is the first connective tissue to emerge in the embryo; persists as stem cells in some adult connective tissues

·         Monocytes are agranulocytes that leave the circulation after a few days to become macrophages

·         Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as multipolar neurons

·         Neutrophils: most numerous type of leukocyte in the blood; kill bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme;  leave the blood to phagocytize pathogens in tissue spaces

·         Oligodendrocytes: large, bulbous cells with slender cytoplasmic extensions

·         Perforating canals and circumferential lamellae are components of compact bone, but not of an osteon

·         Physical conditioning can effectively decrease the proportion of fast muscle fibers?

·         Platelets: irregular, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments; less than one-fourth the size of an erythrocyte; normally about 120,000-300,000 per µl of adult blood                     

·         RBC: they transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues; their plasma membrane contains many surface antigens; when mature, they have no nucleus or other organelles

·         Reflecting their different needs, fast muscle fibers contain large glycogen reserves whereas slow fibers contain the oxygen-carrying pigment myoglobin

·         Sarcoplasmic reticula extend into the sarcoplasm as a network of deep invaginations of the sarcolemma

·         Satellite cells are unfused myoblasts

·         Sensory nerves innervate  the bone matrix and marrow cavity and the periosteum and endosteum

·         Skeletal muscle : consists of long, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the cell

·         Spongy bone contains slightly larger osteons than compact bone

·         Stacks of erythrocytes called rouleaux can pass through blood vessels barely larger than the diameter of a single erythrocyte.

·         Structural categories of neurons include  unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

·         Synaptic knob describes the expanded tip of an axon at a neuromuscular junction

·         Synaptic knobs are to axons as motor end plates are to sarcolemmae, in that both are structural modifications involved in transmitting electrochemical signals across the synaptic cleft.

·         The bundle of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to bone is called a tendon.

·         The cell body of a mature neuron does not contain a centriole.

·         The continual process of producing new formed elements of all kinds is called hemopoiesis

·         The cytoplasm in a neuron cell body (or sometimes the entire cell body) is called the perikaryon

·         The endosteum: covers all internal surfaces of a bone, such as the medullary cavity; active during bone growth, repair, and remodelling; is an incomplete cellular membrane

·         The largest and most abundant of the CNS glial cells, astrocytes help form the blood-brain barrier.

·         The layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle is the perimysium

·         The major functions of loose connective tissue include: occupying spaces between organs and supporting epithelia; supporting and surrounding blood vessels and nerves; organs, storing lipids, and facilitating diffusion

·         The minute passageways in the bony matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with each other are called canaliculi

·         The slightly expanded tips of telodendria are called synaptic knobs

·         The three types of granulocytes, named according to how their granules stain: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

·         The two primary components of whole blood are plasma and formed elements

·         The word root glia, as in "glial cells," most nearly means glue

·         Three basic components of connective tissue: Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

·         Through the process of endochondral ossification, a fetal hyaline cartilage model transforms into bone.

·         Tiny, seed-shaped bones along the tendons of some muscles are classified as sesamoid bones or short bones

·         Two classes of cells are found in connective tissue proper:P resident cells and wandering cells

·         Types of skeletal muscle fibers include: fast; intermediate; slow

·         Wandering cells that may occur in connective tissue proper: mast cells, neutrophils, and free macrophages

·         Yellow bone marrow contains a large proportion of fatty tissue

Study also the previous reviewer posted 2 weeks ago.

Good Luck!